Resumo
Colorectal cancer (CCR) is the third most common tumor in men and the second most common tumor in women, accounting for 10% of all tumor types worldwide. With an estimated 608,000 deaths each year, CCR is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of colon cancer depend largely on the location of the tumor. There are some treatment options such as systemic chemotherapy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, but they are not as effective. Surgical treatment can occur in different ways, three possible forms of surgery are presented here, as well as their associated risks. New options emerge as alternatives to improve the prognosis of the disease.
Referências
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AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY. Surgery for Colon Cancer. [S. l.], 2021.
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BERGAMO, Angela Mendes et al. Polipectomia endometrial histeroscópica: tratamento ambulatorial versus convencional. einstein (São Paulo), [s. l.], v. 10, n. 3, p. 323–328, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082012000300012
BLANCO-VELASCO, G et al. Seguridad y eficacia de la polipectomía en intestino delgado utilizando enteroscopio asistido por balones en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers. Revista de Gastroenterología de México, [s. l.], v. 83, n. 3, p. 234–237, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.07.003
CAMPOS, Fábio Guilherme et al. Locally advanced colorectal cancer: results of surgical treatment and prognostic factors. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, [s. l.], v. 48, n. 4, p. 270–275, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032011000400010. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
CHURCH, James M. Clinical significance of small colorectal polyps. Diseases of the colon and rectum, United States, v. 47, n. 4, p. 481–485, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-003-0078-6
CZITO, Brian G et al. Chapter 50 - Colon Cancer. In: GUNDERSON, Leonard L; TEPPER, Joel E B T - Clinical Radiation Oncology (Fourth Edition) (org.). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2016. p. 977-991.e2. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-24098-7.00050-2
DEVANE, Liam A. et al. Transanal minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer. Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 39–45, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/AGS3.12402. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
FERLAY, Jacques et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. International Journal of Cancer, [s. l.], v. 127, n. 12, p. 2893–2917, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
FRANKO, Jan et al. Treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis with systemic chemotherapy: a pooled analysis of north central cancer treatment group phase III trials N9741 and N9841. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 3, p. 263–267, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.1039
HODGKINSON, Natasha; KRUGER, Cherie A; ABRAHAMSE, Heidi. Targeted photodynamic therapy as potential treatment modality for the eradication of colon cancer and colon cancer stem cells. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, Netherlands, v. 39, n. 10, p. 1010428317734691, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428317734691
HRIBASCHEK, Arndt et al. Comparison of intraperitoneal with intravenous administration of taxol in experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis. Chemotherapy, Switzerland, v. 53, n. 6, p. 410–417, 2007. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1159/000110005
JARUVONGVANICH, Veeravich et al. Risk factors for delayed colonic post-polypectomy bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2017 32:10, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 10, p. 1399–1406, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/S00384-017-2870-0. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
LABIANCA, R et al. Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Annals of Oncology, [s. l.], v. 24, p. vi64–vi72, 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt354
LEMMENS, Valery E et al. Predictors and survival of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin: a population-based study. International journal of cancer, United States, v. 128, n. 11, p. 2717–2725, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25596
MARTINS, Patrícia; MARTINS, Sandra. Assessment of prognosis in patients with stage II colon cancer. Journal of Coloproctology (Rio de Janeiro), [s. l.], v. 35, n. 4, p. 203–211, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCOL.2015.08.005. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
NAHAS, Sergio Carlos et al. Prognostic factors of surgically-treated patients with cancer of the right colon: a ten years’ experience of a single universitary institution. ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo), [s. l.], v. 28, n. 1, p. 03–07, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202015000100002. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
PEETERS, K C M J et al. Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients--a Dutch colorectal cancer group study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, United States, v. 23, n. 25, p. 6199–6206, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.14.779
REX, Douglas K et al. Estimation of impact of American College of Radiology recommendations on CT colonography reporting for resection of high-risk adenoma findings. The American journal of gastroenterology, United States, v. 104, n. 1, p. 149–153, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.35
SHARPE, Arlene H.; PAUKEN, Kristen E. The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nature Reviews Immunology 2017 18:3, [s. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 153–167, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.108. Acesso em: 25 out. 2021.
SIEGEL, Rebecca L et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, [s. l.], v. 67, n. 3, p. 177–193, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21395
SILVA, Edson Jurado da et al. Colonoscopia com polipectomia: análise crítica de fatores de risco e complicações. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 4, p. 451–457, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-98802009000400003. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA ONCOLÓGICA. Congresso debate avanços no tratamento oncológico de câncer do aparelho digestivo - SBCO. [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://sbco.org.br/atualizacoes-cientificas/congresso-debate-avancos-no-tratamento-oncologico-de-cancer-do-aparelho-digestivo/. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
SONG, Mingyang et al. Risk of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after polypectomy: a Swedish record-linkage study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 6, p. 537–547, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30009-1
STEPHENS, Richard J et al. Impact of short-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer on patients’ quality of life: data from the Medical Research Council CR07/National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group C016 randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, United States, v. 28, n. 27, p. 4233–4239, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.5264
TONG, D et al. Adenocarcinoma of the cecum: natural history and clinical patterns of recurrence following radical surgery. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, United States, v. 9, n. 3, p. 357–360, 1983. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(83)90296-1
TU, Bin et al. Nanotechnology-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy . [S. l.: s. n.], 2020. Disponível em: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcell.2020.00400
YOUNG, Melissa Constance. chapter 79 - Colon Cancer. In: RAKEL, David B T - Integrative Medicine (Second Edition) (org.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2007. p. 859–865. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-2954-0.50083-1
ZAUBER, Ann G et al. Colonoscopic Polypectomy and Long-Term Prevention of Colorectal-Cancer Deaths. New England Journal of Medicine, [s. l.], v. 366, n. 8, p. 687–696, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100370
AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY. Surgery for Colon Cancer. [S. l.], 2021.
AOYAGI, Tomoyoshi et al. Current treatment options for colon cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis. World journal of gastroenterology, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 35, p. 12493–12500, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12493
BAYDA, Samer et al. Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: A Transition from Lab to Clinic. Current medicinal chemistry, United Arab Emirates, v. 25, n. 34, p. 4269–4303, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171229141156
BERGAMO, Angela Mendes et al. Polipectomia endometrial histeroscópica: tratamento ambulatorial versus convencional. einstein (São Paulo), [s. l.], v. 10, n. 3, p. 323–328, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082012000300012
BLANCO-VELASCO, G et al. Seguridad y eficacia de la polipectomía en intestino delgado utilizando enteroscopio asistido por balones en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers. Revista de Gastroenterología de México, [s. l.], v. 83, n. 3, p. 234–237, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.07.003
CAMPOS, Fábio Guilherme et al. Locally advanced colorectal cancer: results of surgical treatment and prognostic factors. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, [s. l.], v. 48, n. 4, p. 270–275, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032011000400010. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
CHURCH, James M. Clinical significance of small colorectal polyps. Diseases of the colon and rectum, United States, v. 47, n. 4, p. 481–485, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-003-0078-6
CZITO, Brian G et al. Chapter 50 - Colon Cancer. In: GUNDERSON, Leonard L; TEPPER, Joel E B T - Clinical Radiation Oncology (Fourth Edition) (org.). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2016. p. 977-991.e2. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-24098-7.00050-2
DEVANE, Liam A. et al. Transanal minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer. Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 39–45, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/AGS3.12402. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
FERLAY, Jacques et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. International Journal of Cancer, [s. l.], v. 127, n. 12, p. 2893–2917, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
FRANKO, Jan et al. Treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis with systemic chemotherapy: a pooled analysis of north central cancer treatment group phase III trials N9741 and N9841. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 3, p. 263–267, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.1039
HODGKINSON, Natasha; KRUGER, Cherie A; ABRAHAMSE, Heidi. Targeted photodynamic therapy as potential treatment modality for the eradication of colon cancer and colon cancer stem cells. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, Netherlands, v. 39, n. 10, p. 1010428317734691, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428317734691
HRIBASCHEK, Arndt et al. Comparison of intraperitoneal with intravenous administration of taxol in experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis. Chemotherapy, Switzerland, v. 53, n. 6, p. 410–417, 2007. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1159/000110005
JARUVONGVANICH, Veeravich et al. Risk factors for delayed colonic post-polypectomy bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2017 32:10, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 10, p. 1399–1406, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/S00384-017-2870-0. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
LABIANCA, R et al. Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Annals of Oncology, [s. l.], v. 24, p. vi64–vi72, 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt354
LEMMENS, Valery E et al. Predictors and survival of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin: a population-based study. International journal of cancer, United States, v. 128, n. 11, p. 2717–2725, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25596
MARTINS, Patrícia; MARTINS, Sandra. Assessment of prognosis in patients with stage II colon cancer. Journal of Coloproctology (Rio de Janeiro), [s. l.], v. 35, n. 4, p. 203–211, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCOL.2015.08.005. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
NAHAS, Sergio Carlos et al. Prognostic factors of surgically-treated patients with cancer of the right colon: a ten years’ experience of a single universitary institution. ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo), [s. l.], v. 28, n. 1, p. 03–07, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202015000100002. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
PEETERS, K C M J et al. Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients--a Dutch colorectal cancer group study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, United States, v. 23, n. 25, p. 6199–6206, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.14.779
REX, Douglas K et al. Estimation of impact of American College of Radiology recommendations on CT colonography reporting for resection of high-risk adenoma findings. The American journal of gastroenterology, United States, v. 104, n. 1, p. 149–153, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.35
SHARPE, Arlene H.; PAUKEN, Kristen E. The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nature Reviews Immunology 2017 18:3, [s. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 153–167, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.108. Acesso em: 25 out. 2021.
SIEGEL, Rebecca L et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, [s. l.], v. 67, n. 3, p. 177–193, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21395
SILVA, Edson Jurado da et al. Colonoscopia com polipectomia: análise crítica de fatores de risco e complicações. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 4, p. 451–457, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-98802009000400003. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA ONCOLÓGICA. Congresso debate avanços no tratamento oncológico de câncer do aparelho digestivo - SBCO. [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://sbco.org.br/atualizacoes-cientificas/congresso-debate-avancos-no-tratamento-oncologico-de-cancer-do-aparelho-digestivo/. Acesso em: 27 out. 2021.
SONG, Mingyang et al. Risk of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after polypectomy: a Swedish record-linkage study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 6, p. 537–547, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30009-1
STEPHENS, Richard J et al. Impact of short-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer on patients’ quality of life: data from the Medical Research Council CR07/National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group C016 randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, United States, v. 28, n. 27, p. 4233–4239, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.5264
TONG, D et al. Adenocarcinoma of the cecum: natural history and clinical patterns of recurrence following radical surgery. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, United States, v. 9, n. 3, p. 357–360, 1983. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(83)90296-1
TU, Bin et al. Nanotechnology-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy . [S. l.: s. n.], 2020. Disponível em: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcell.2020.00400
YOUNG, Melissa Constance. chapter 79 - Colon Cancer. In: RAKEL, David B T - Integrative Medicine (Second Edition) (org.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2007. p. 859–865. Disponível em: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-2954-0.50083-1
ZAUBER, Ann G et al. Colonoscopic Polypectomy and Long-Term Prevention of Colorectal-Cancer Deaths. New England Journal of Medicine, [s. l.], v. 366, n. 8, p. 687–696, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100370
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